Archive February 2010
How to Install/Uninstall RPM Packages and source packages
Hello guys,
In this post I already showed you how to install/Uninstall DEB packages.
Now I will show you how to install/uninstall RPM packages, and how to install sources RPMs
Distributions such as Redhat, Fedora, and CentOS using packages with .rpm extension
1. Installing RPM packages
” rpm -uvh ” Will use this command to install packages
-
what’s uvh means ?
u : used for updating RPM packages to last version
v : show verbose messages while running command lines
h : Gives you hash “#” characters during installation process
Terminal :
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Access the directory for downloaded package for example : cd download
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2. Installing sources RPMs
Some packages you want to install required a source files to work with kernel version. Here is the command for installing source packages
Require root privilege
Your@username-laptop:~$ rpmbuild –rebuild package name ending with “.src.rpm” extension
3. Uninstalling RPM packages
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Your@username-laptop:~$ rpm -e package name
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- you will need root privilege to remove this package
- make sure you type package correctly with version if available as show on -qa command listing
That’s it for now. 
How to Install/Uninstall DEB Packages
Hello Guys,
Easiest way to install software on Ubuntu is using DEB Packages, cause Ubuntu distribution based on Debian distribution, unlike Fedora, Redhat, and CentOS using RPM packages. ” Will cover how to install/Uninstall RPM packages on Next Post”
so, will begin with
1. Installing DEB packages
Ubuntu make it really easy to install softwares on your distribution by using ” Ubuntu software center ” Or using ” Synaptic Package Manager ” , but sometimes you can’t find these packages you want listed on “software center or synaptic” but you already have a DEB packages and you want to install it using terminal.
For example I Downloaded application called ” Skype ”
http://download.skype.com/linux/skype-ubuntu-intrepid_2.1.0.81-1_amd64.deb ” DEB package name on Red color “
” Download location : Home/Your Username/Downloads “
That’s it for now, and will cover Installing/uninstalling RPM packages on next How To’s …?
Ubuntu 10.04 Alpha 3 “Lucid” Review
Ubuntu 10.04 Alpha 3 “Lucid”
Hello guys,
Using this version on virtual machine “virtual box” in low specification “only one core 2.1 Ghz , 384 MB of Ram , and 12 MB of video memory ”
The default search engine has been changed to Yahoo! The default home page will use either Google or Yahoo! depending on user setting. Alpha 3 includes the 2.6.32 kernel based on 2.6.32.8. Alpha 3 of Kubuntu features the new KDE SC 4.4. The nouveau video driver is now the default for NVIDIA hardware, this driver provides kernel mode setting, which will give improved resolution detection. We now feature built-in integration with Twitter, identi.ca, Facebook, and other social networks with the MeMenu in the panel.
- Booting time : really good
- Become slower a little bit with live session
- Had crashes when using “Gwibber”
- Overall performance Slow, Not recommended to use it as default Operating system for this version.
- Try to install it or use live session, leave you feedback, report crashes, so they be able to fix it in next release.
Screenshots:
Ubuntu 10.04 Alpha 3
Steve Langasek has announced the availability of the third alpha release of Ubuntu 10.04, code name “Lucid Lynx”: “Welcome to Lucid Lynx Alpha 3, which will in time become Ubuntu 10.04 LTS.” New features: “The default search engine has been changed to Yahoo! The default home page will use either Google or Yahoo! depending on user setting. Alpha 3 includes the 2.6.32 kernel based on 2.6.32.8. Alpha 3 of Kubuntu features the new KDE SC 4.4. The nouveau video driver is now the default for NVIDIA hardware, this driver provides kernel mode setting, which will give improved resolution detection. We now feature built-in integration with Twitter, identi.ca, Facebook, and other social networks with the MeMenu in the panel.
release announcement and release notes for further information and known issues. Download (SHA256): lucid-desktop-i386.iso (686MB, torrent), lucid-desktop-amd64.iso (689MB, torrent). Also released today are new alpha CD/DVD images ofKubuntu (download, release notes), Xubuntu (download), Edubuntu (download),Mythbuntu (download) and Ubuntu Studio (download).
Files System Directories “Hierarchy” Part 2
Hello guys,
here is the second part of Files system Directories
so here we go:
5. lib
The /lib directory contains those shared library images needed to boot the system and run the commands in the root filesystem, ie. by binaries in /bin and /sbin.
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| libc.so.* | The dynamically-linked C library (optional) |
| ld* | The execution time linker/loader (optional) |
6. media
/media This directory contains subdirectories which are used as mount points for removeable media such as floppy disks, cdroms and zip disks.
Historically there have been a number of other different places used to mount removeable media such as /cdrom, /mntor /mnt/cdrom. Placing the mount points for all removeable media directly in the root directory would potentially result in a large number of extra directories in /. Although the use of subdirectories in /mnt as a mount point has recently been common, it conflicts with a much older tradition of using /mnt directly as a temporary mount point.
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| floppy | Floppy drive (optional) |
| cdrom | CD-ROM drive (optional) |
| cdrecorder | CD writer (optional) |
| zip | Zip drive (optional) |
On systems where more than one device exists for mounting a certain type of media, mount directories can be created by appending a digit to the name of those available above starting with ’0′, but the unqualified name must also exist.
7. mnt
Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem
/mnt This directory is provided so that the system administrator may temporarily mount a filesystem as needed. The content of this directory is a local issue and should not affect the manner in which any program is run.
This directory must not be used by installation programs: a suitable temporary directory not in use by the system must be used instead.
8. opt
/opt is reserved for the installation of add-on application software packages.
A package to be installed in /opt must locate its static files in a separate /opt/<package> or /opt/<provider> directory tree, where <package> is a name that describes the software package and<provider> is the provider’s LANANA registered name.
9. root
/root Home directory for the root user
The root account’s home directory may be determined by developer or local preference, but this is the recommended default location.
10. sbin
/sbin System binaries
Utilities used for system administration (and other root-only commands) are stored in /sbin, /usr/sbin, and /usr/local/sbin. /sbin contains binaries essential for booting, restoring, recovering, and/or repairing the system in addition to the binaries in /bin. Programs executed after /usr is known to be mounted (when there are no problems) are generally placed into /usr/sbin. Locally-installed system administration programs should be placed into /usr/local/sbin.
11. srv
Data for services provided by this system
/srv contains site-specific data which is served by this system.
This main purpose of specifying this is so that users may find the location of the data files for particular service, and so that services which require a single tree for readonly data, writable data and scripts (such as cgi scripts) can be reasonably placed. Data that is only of interest to a specific user should go in that users’ home directory.
The methodology used to name subdirectories of /srv is unspecified as there is currently no consensus on how this should be done. One method for structuring data under /srv is by protocol, eg. ftp, rsync, www, and cvs. On large systems it can be useful to structure /srv by administrative context, such as /srv/physics/www, /srv/compsci/cvs, etc. This setup will differ from host to host. Therefore, no program should rely on a specific subdirectory structure of /srv existing or data necessarily being stored in /srv. However /srv should always exist on FHS compliant systems and should be used as the default location for such data.
Distributions must take care not to remove locally placed files in these directories without administrator permission.
12. tmp
The /tmp directory must be made available for programs that require temporary files.
Programs must not assume that any files or directories in /tmp are preserved between invocations of the program.
IEEE standard P1003.2 (POSIX, part 2) makes requirements that are similar to the above section.
Although data stored in /tmp may be deleted in a site-specific manner, it is recommended that files and directories located in /tmp be deleted whenever the system is booted.
FHS added this recommendation on the basis of historical precedent and common practice, but did not make it a requirement because system administration is not within the scope of this standard.
13. usr
/usr is the second major section of the filesystem. /usr is shareable, read-only data. That means that /usr should be shareable between various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored elsewhere.
Large software packages must not use a direct subdirectory under the /usr hierarchy.
14. var
/var contains variable data files. This includes spool directories and files, administrative and logging data, and transient and temporary files.
Some portions of /var are not shareable between different systems. For instance, /var/log, /var/lock, and /var/run. Other portions may be shared, notably /var/mail, /var/cache/man,/var/cache/fonts, and /var/spool/news.
/var is specified here in order to make it possible to mount /usr read-only. Everything that once went into /usr that is written to during system operation (as opposed to installation and software maintenance) must be in /var.
If /var cannot be made a separate partition, it is often preferable to move /var out of the root partition and into the /usrpartition. (This is sometimes done to reduce the size of the root partition or when space runs low in the root partition.) However, /var must not be linked to /usr because this makes separation of /usr and /var more difficult and is likely to create a naming conflict. Instead, link /var to /usr/var.
Applications must generally not add directories to the top level of /var. Such directories should only be added if they have some system-wide implication, and in consultation with the FHS mailing list.
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that’s it for now
and i will include graphic chart later
Files System Directories “Hierarchy” Part 1
Hello Guys,
In this article I will explain what’s files system directories also it know as Hierarchy.
This article will be really helpful for beginners to know what’s the purpose of each directory and command inside Hierarchy.
So let’s begin,
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| bin | Essential command binaries |
| boot | Static files of the boot loader |
| dev | Device files |
| etc | Host-specific system configuration |
| lib | Essential shared libraries and kernel modules |
| media | Mount point for removeable media |
| mnt | Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily |
| opt | Add-on application software packages |
| sbin | Essential system binaries |
| srv | Data for services provided by this system |
| tmp | Temporary files |
| usr | Secondary hierarchy |
| var | Variable data |
1. bin
/bin contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts.
2. boot
/boot This directory contains everything required for the boot process except configuration files not needed at boot time and the map installer. Thus /boot stores data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-mode programs. This may include saved master boot sectors and sector map files.
3. dev
The /dev directory is the location of special or device files.
Devices treated like files to read and write it
Example:
- /dev/cdrom
- /dev/hda for first hard driver IDE
If it is possible that devices in /dev will need to be manually created, /dev must contain a command named MAKEDEV, which can create devices as needed. It may also contain a MAKEDEV.local for any local devices.
If required, MAKEDEV must have provisions for creating any device that may be found on the system, not just those that a particular implementation installs.
4. etc
The /etc hierarchy contains configuration files. A “configuration file” is a local file used to control the operation of a program; it must be static and cannot be an executable binary.
It can be edited by hand : ex:
- /etc/fstab
- /et
No binaries may be located under /etc.
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories are required in /etc:
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| opt | Configuration for /opt |
| X11 | Configuration for the X Window system (optional) |
| sgml | Configuration for SGML (optional) |
| xml | Configuration for XML (optional) |
Will explain other ten directories on next post
How to Change the password for users account on Ubuntu 9.10?
If you would like to add many users account or want to change your currently users account password and privilege for each user, and access administration privilege.
Also you can manage Groups.
Hide mounted partitions for ubuntu 9.10
Many people like to have clean desktop without any icons for mounted partitions or trash icons all these stuff
So we will user here configuration editor or “gconf-editor” then using nautilus on apps directory then Desktop
Here you can modify many options like Hiding and showing ” computer icon, trash icon, network icon, home icon”
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